Sociologia e psicoanalisi. Primi appunti per una ricerca
Psychoanalysis and sociology disciplines are almost born in a contemporary way. Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, both were defined as those that may be recognized as the key elements of their "paradigms" (though while psychoanalysis is quite common the idea that there is a paradigm shared this idea is much less common with regard to sociology).
Both psychoanalysis, and sociology have been educated as a form of a new way of looking at individuals and their relationship with reality: no longer covered in some way and self-aware, but which are situated, almost dominated by a variety of forces, most of which they remain invisible.
But these are not new. Just as it is the fact that throughout the twentieth century there were numerous contacts between the two disciplines, which have generated different results, regarding - for example - the analysis of socialization processes and individual development, processes of civilization, or even their crisis.
That said, it is necessary to ask whether a research interdisciplinary relationship between sociology and psychoanalysis can now lead to something new and whether it still makes sense. Two factors seem to weigh the possibility of giving a positive answer to these questions.
The first relates to the fact that, despite numerous contacts and many meetings, it seems that we have come to build a shared perspective on the contributions of psychoanalysis that sociology could own, and even the way in which an interaction between the two disciplines might be possible. This would suggest that there are still open issues to explore.
The second element may be connected to the difficulties encountered in sociology to account for the processes of change taking place in contemporary societies, especially as regards the importance of the dynamics of intangible nature, regarding the increasing differentiation of the phenomena that emerge in relations between individuals and society (diversification, conflicts, etc..), and with regard to the emergence forms of social reality with different characteristics from those of the society of the twentieth century.
a research path that try to understand how interaction between psychoanalysis and sociology may permit the production of new knowledge can not but start from scratch. A starting point could then be determined from a reconstruction, albeit brief, of how through which sociology came into relationship with psychoanalysis (considering it as one place, without paying attention to its internal differentiations).
A first fact to note in this context, it may not be the encounter between the two disciplines in the years of their genesis and their consolidation. A failure to meet that is amazing.
Looking to sociologists of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries, contemporary activity of formalization and publication of the foundations of psychoanalysis, we see, in fact, an explicit interest for a greater knowledge of depth psychology (Durkheim) for the dynamic non-rational che influiscono sui comportamento e delle idee degli individui e dei gruppi (Pareto, Weber, Mauss, Le Bon) e più in generale per l’idea di un individuo che – anche nella sua soggettività - non è totalmente libero.
Questo interesse non si traduce in una relazione determinata con la psicoanalisi. Tutt’altro, nessuno dei primi sociologi menziona la psicoanalisi o l’opera di Freud (e viceversa nessuno è menzionato da lui). Questa mancanza forse è da ricondurre a una separazione tra gli ambienti di riferimento (e quindi all’assenza di relazioni interdisciplinari), ma forse può anche essere collegata alla presenza di differenze epistemologiche: forse la stessa ricerca continua di un legame con la fisiologia da parte della psicoanalisi ha reso questa disciplina invisibile o intrattabile per i primi sociologi e a fatto sì che alla frequentazione della letteratura sociologica, Freud stesso preferisse quella degli studi di antropologia fisica e culturale.
Soltanto successivamente (Simmel, Monnerot) si riconosce la presenza di punti di vista e di interessi comuni tra il lavoro di alcuni sociologi e quello di Freud e dei suoi allievi.
Contemporaneo a questi riconoscimenti è però anche un rifiuto per così dire radicale dei contributi della psicoanalisi, che viene accusata di lavorare su tautologie e di rompere con quello che potrebbe essere chiamato il “paradigma di Durkheim”: i fatti devono essere studiati with reference to the facts of their nature (Sorokin).
A more significant meeting between sociology and psychoanalysis is the case with Marxism, despite allegations by some Marxists to psychoanalysis as "bourgeois science".
This second meeting, which has as its main actors - at least in a first period - some analysts (such as Reich, for example) at its center, a kind of recontextualization of Freud's thesis: it supports the importance of instincts and impulses, but it is believed that these are not only biologically, but also influences the environment and social reality, and also by its dynamic economy.
In this context, it is also taken up and reinterpreted the concept of the unconscious, which is compared with that of Marxist "false consciousness": the unconscious of Freud is therefore open to receive not only the facts related to the drives, but also linked to social relations. Are hidden in the unconscious, and then become in some cases the subject of rationalization and sublimation, the elements of human relationships that are dysfunctional compared to the existing society and if they reach that state of consciousness would tend to break the established order of things ( Fromm, Althusser, Marcuse). In this sense, one could speak of recruitment in the context of disciplinary sociology of elements of explanation of their reality of psychoanalysis.
The selective recruitment of theories and concepts into a broader theoretical framework is also practiced in relation to other theoretical areas, such as the analysis of culture (in this area is acknowledged to Freud the discovery of a link between Kultur - civilization - and Zivilization - cultural and technological refinement process) or the theory of the masses, within which is inserted into the theme of identification with the leader (Horkheimer).
A third way of looking at psychoanalysis - particularly fruitful for empirical research - is to regard it as a treasure trove of phenomena that can be studied through other disciplines. And 'what is, for example, Adorno in research on authoritarian personality, identifying the work of psychoanalysts in the phenomena of thought stereotype of the sadistic masked, the adoration of force, blind recognition of all that is effective, and so on.
Another door between the world of psychoanalysis and sociology that can be identified in the study of knowledge.
In particular, are open to Mannheim and Elias.
The first highlights the compatibility between the theories of Freud and the point of view of sociology (the self as a "social creature" invece che come individuo isolato) per poi arrivare a individuare nell’inconscio (collettivo) e negli aspetti del pensare che non possono essere spiegati adeguatamente senza rintracciarne le origini sociali un’area di studio privilegiata per la sociologia.
Il secondo colloca al centro dell’analisi del processo di civilizzazione i meccanismi (identificati in sede psicoanalitica) di “auto-costringimento”, di rimozione dei conflitti, di identificazione sociale e formazione di proiezioni.
Anche in questo caso, l’assunzione di alcuni elementi della teoria psicoanalitica in un contesto disciplinare diverso si traduce in un aumento della capacità di render conto dei fatti sociali (si può consider, for example, in this regard, the analysis of some conflicts took place dall'eliasiano A. De Swaan at the end of the last decade).
Looking from the sociology you can see another way to get in touch with psychoanalysis. This assumption of "partial" theory so as to make it compatible with other models of analysis and explanation of social reality.
E 'in this way that psychoanalysis comes within American sociology, first through some sociologists interactionists and then in a stronger form, through the work of Talcott Parsons. These, in fact, took the theory of introjection (definendola “interiorizzazione”) e la colloca al centro della sua teoria della socializzazione, ma lo fa creando una totale compatibilità (se non una sovrapposizione) con le teorie della coscienza collettiva di Durkheim e del “Sé” di Mead.
Allo stesso modo, Parsons individua nel lavoro psicoanalitico alcuni elementi utili per trattare lo sviluppo delle motivazioni e – purificandoli parzialmente dal peso del riferimento al biologico – li inserisce nello schema AGIL (adaptation, goal attainment, integration, latent pattern maintenance), nella teoria dell’azione e nella teoria della personalità come “learned behavioral system”.
Il rischio di un’operazione di questo genere – messo in evidenza da Neil Smelser (sociologo e psicoanalista) – è di sterilizzare la psicoanalisi, perdendone i tratti di originalità e quindi rendendola inefficace nell’individuazione di nuovi fenomeni.
Un altro contesto in cui la sociologia ha incontrato e, in una certa misura, si è impossessata della psicoanalisi si può identificare nello studio delle società non occidentali (le “società primitive” per dirla con le parole di alcuni autori).
La teoria dell’identificazione con il padre e la teoria del “complesso di Edipo” sono fatte proprie, anche se con modalità diverse, sia da alcuni antropologi “classici” (da Sapir, a M.Mead a R.Benedict), sia da alcuni strutturalisti (come C.Lévi-Strauss o R.Bastide).
La ricerca strutturalista sembra rappresentare, in effetti, un altro luogo di incontro tra la psicanalisi e la sociologia. In questo spazio – forse in maniera diversa da quanto è avvenuto in altri casi - avviene un vero e proprio scambio: nell’ambito disciplinare della psicoanalisi sono introdotti i risultati degli studi sulla lingua e sui miti (Lacan), in quello della sociologia si inseriscono – in una situazione più centrale - temi come quello del “desiderio” e sistemi di fenomeni come quello del “sogno” (Guattari, Deleuze).
Le interazioni tra psicoanalisi e sociologia non sono, però, l’oggetto di una vicenda conclusa e di cui si devono riallacciare le fila. Piuttosto, oltre alle relazioni del passato, si dovrebbe guardare anche alle forme di interazione che sono in corso, basti pensare al lavoro che è in atto sull’analisi dei gruppi – che trova origine, per quanto riguarda la sociologia, soprattutto nella sociologia della conoscenza – o alla ricerca sul “social dreaming”, nella quale si fanno propri, adattandoli alla dimensione collettiva, non soltanto strumenti teorici, ma anche strumenti metodologici tipici della psicoanalisi.
La ricerca di un terreno comune non è finita, quindi, tuttavia essa non appare neanche come un’operazione priva di rischi.
Alcuni di questi rischi possono essere rilevati osservando il passato, ma possono continuamente di tornare attuali. Si tratta, per esempio, di quelli di ricondurre alla biologia i comportamenti sociali (in una sorta di post-positivismo); di far coincidere i meccanismi di sviluppo degli individui e quelli di sviluppo della società; di correggere semplicisticamente i presunti “errori”; di utilizzare in modo analogico dei concetti, riprendendoli soprattutto come formulazioni linguistiche – magari per indicare fenomeni già noti - senza render conto della loro complessità e delle loro implicazioni.
Un altro rischio – forse più importante degli altri perché meno visibile - Is to take the psychoanalytic theories depriving them of the character of dynamics, both internal analysis as to the phenomena analyzed. In this way, these theories and their conceptual tools translate into a kind of static model of the relationship between the individual and society, and it reduces the flow in those aspects that make for interesting watching to psychoanalysis, sociology, namely the orientation not clear and not to "reduce" the contradictions and conflicts between the phenomena, but rather to place them in the middle of interpretation and explanation.
A journey of encounter between sociology and psychoanalysis, which takes into account both the già si è provato a fare, sia dei rischi esistenti, potrebbe allora trovare uno spazio privilegiato proprio nello studio di fenomeni che quasi “di per sé” tendono a individuare situazioni dinamiche e in cui la dimensione del conflitto è ineliminabile. Due aree fenomeniche che, tra le altre, potrebbero inserite in questo contesto, sono quella relativa all’inconscio (con tutto ciò che si porta dietro, dal conflitto tra conscio e inconscio, alle situazioni di ambivalenza, di mascheramento della realtà e di resistenza) e quella riguardante le pulsioni, il desiderio e il rapporto tra questi e la realtà sociale.
Alcuni riferimenti bibliografici
Bastide R. (1970), Sociology and Psychoanalysis
D. A. Aloia (2008), Marxism and Psychoanalysis
A. de Benoist (2008), The heir of Pareto.Jules Monnerot
De Swaan A. (1997) Widening Circles of Disidentification
Dreyfus HL, Rabinow P. (1989), The search for Michel Foucault
Elias N. (1988) The Civilizing Process
Elias N. (1990), The society of individuals
E. Fromm (1929), Sociology and Psychoanalisis
E. Fromm (Sd), The Social Unconscious
Horkeimer M., Adorno Th.W. (1966), Lessons of sociology
Koenigsberg R (2005), Making Conscious the Unconscious in Social Reality
Lacoutre J.-P. (2002), Freud et Mauss. A rendez-vous manqué
Mannheim K (2001), Sociology as Political Education
Mannheim K., (1936), Ideology and Utopia
Marcuse H. (1964), Eros and Civilization
W. Mertens (2000) The Psychoanalysis. History and Methods
Reich W., (1972) Dialectical Materialism and Psychoanalysis
Roudinesco E., (1994) Freud and philosophy in France
Rustin M. (1994), The good society and the inner world
N. Smelser The Social Edges of Psychoanalysis
D. Smith (1999), The civilizing Process and the History of Sexuality
Solano, L., ed Varazio OM (2002), Structure of language and social ties
Turner JH (sd), Psychoanalytic Sociological Theories and Emotions
Williams CH.L . (2000), Psychoanalysis and Sociology
Friday, January 30, 2009
Monday, January 26, 2009
Poptropica And How To Do Con
HERE ...
His paintings are born from the imagination?
Hundertwasser: I do not know where they come from. I am a spectator. The forms are developed independently. Sometimes certain buildings or a particular color aroused my interest and I would like to keep it as a starting point, but then the work evolves in a different way. Sometimes I start with a subject, then it escapes my control and I do not do anything to prevent it.
Who will continue his work, in addition to the trees?
Hundertwasser: The trees will continue, and it is sufficient. Trees and men have reached the pinnacle of their evolutionary paths.
The trees are taller grass, bushes, moss. The men are higher than the quadrupeds, birds, snakes, worms and microbes. Trees and men have something in common. Both have upright and form a bridge between heaven and earth. The tree stretches its foliage to the sky, the man approaches him through the countless brain cells, through the spirit. Only the feet touch the ground. For trees polarity Heaven-Earth is even stronger, because the walk-the-roots do not rely on the soil, but are anchored in deep, the tree branches tends towards heaven and earth. For this there is a trees and brotherhood among men are brothers in the evolution of the universe.
How should art that will come after you?
Hundertwasser: The art should be positive, free, romantic and beautiful as a jewel, something you can not do without.
His paintings are born from the imagination?
Hundertwasser: I do not know where they come from. I am a spectator. The forms are developed independently. Sometimes certain buildings or a particular color aroused my interest and I would like to keep it as a starting point, but then the work evolves in a different way. Sometimes I start with a subject, then it escapes my control and I do not do anything to prevent it.
Who will continue his work, in addition to the trees?
Hundertwasser: The trees will continue, and it is sufficient. Trees and men have reached the pinnacle of their evolutionary paths.
The trees are taller grass, bushes, moss. The men are higher than the quadrupeds, birds, snakes, worms and microbes. Trees and men have something in common. Both have upright and form a bridge between heaven and earth. The tree stretches its foliage to the sky, the man approaches him through the countless brain cells, through the spirit. Only the feet touch the ground. For trees polarity Heaven-Earth is even stronger, because the walk-the-roots do not rely on the soil, but are anchored in deep, the tree branches tends towards heaven and earth. For this there is a trees and brotherhood among men are brothers in the evolution of the universe.
How should art that will come after you?
Hundertwasser: The art should be positive, free, romantic and beautiful as a jewel, something you can not do without.
Monday, January 19, 2009
White Discharge Before Menses
Politiche, povertà e sviluppo.
In recent weeks the newspapers were full of news on measures implemented by many stakeholders to address the economic and financial crisis in progress at the international level. In Italy it would seem that the actions proposed or actually implemented primarily relate to the assistance to "poor."
On the one hand, the national government and regional and local governments have identified and launched initiatives (often of dubious efficacy) to supplement the incomes of the poor, other measures, characterized by the same objective have been triggered by some dioceses, and even by some groups of workers.
Actions are very different. However all of them seem to have at its center two elements:
- an orientation not to affect the processes that generate poverty and those that generate the phenomena of economic crisis;
- the lack of power of discrimination and discernment.
The most striking example of this is probably the "Social Card" addressed to all persons with income below a threshold set at the national level, it is neither able to take account of regional differences in the country (so that the majority of "cards" were distributed in places where the cost of living is lower and that's probably a part non irrilevante dell’economia è sofferta), né delle diverse maniere in cui i cittadini sono toccati dalla “crisi economica”.
La conseguenza della mancanza di discriminazione e di discernimento comportano non soltanto un impatto nullo delle misure assunte sulle dinamiche economiche e sociali connesse (non producendo né effetti sul rapporto tra domanda e offerta di beni, né sul consolidamento delle reti sociali che nei fatti “gestiscono” le crisi, né tantomeno sull’attivazione di processi che possano favorire una effettiva ripresa di forme di sviluppo del territorio), ma anche un loro impatto assai ridotto sui soggetti alla cui assistenza sono dedicate (l’aiuto offerto infatti è irrelevant to the actual needs of some of them, but that may have advantages for some it is absolutely impossible to access).
seems that in responding to crises and emergencies in progress, has been halted - by the majority of those involved - to take seriously the wealth of existing research on policies and measures on the one hand and local development policies to combat poverty and social exclusion on the other. Research on these two areas have in fact shown that only in few cases is a "tout court" to the financial resources EOA a generic "help" produce an effect of reducing poverty and mobilization processes of change.
In recent weeks the newspapers were full of news on measures implemented by many stakeholders to address the economic and financial crisis in progress at the international level. In Italy it would seem that the actions proposed or actually implemented primarily relate to the assistance to "poor."
On the one hand, the national government and regional and local governments have identified and launched initiatives (often of dubious efficacy) to supplement the incomes of the poor, other measures, characterized by the same objective have been triggered by some dioceses, and even by some groups of workers.
Actions are very different. However all of them seem to have at its center two elements:
- an orientation not to affect the processes that generate poverty and those that generate the phenomena of economic crisis;
- the lack of power of discrimination and discernment.
The most striking example of this is probably the "Social Card" addressed to all persons with income below a threshold set at the national level, it is neither able to take account of regional differences in the country (so that the majority of "cards" were distributed in places where the cost of living is lower and that's probably a part non irrilevante dell’economia è sofferta), né delle diverse maniere in cui i cittadini sono toccati dalla “crisi economica”.
La conseguenza della mancanza di discriminazione e di discernimento comportano non soltanto un impatto nullo delle misure assunte sulle dinamiche economiche e sociali connesse (non producendo né effetti sul rapporto tra domanda e offerta di beni, né sul consolidamento delle reti sociali che nei fatti “gestiscono” le crisi, né tantomeno sull’attivazione di processi che possano favorire una effettiva ripresa di forme di sviluppo del territorio), ma anche un loro impatto assai ridotto sui soggetti alla cui assistenza sono dedicate (l’aiuto offerto infatti è irrelevant to the actual needs of some of them, but that may have advantages for some it is absolutely impossible to access).
seems that in responding to crises and emergencies in progress, has been halted - by the majority of those involved - to take seriously the wealth of existing research on policies and measures on the one hand and local development policies to combat poverty and social exclusion on the other. Research on these two areas have in fact shown that only in few cases is a "tout court" to the financial resources EOA a generic "help" produce an effect of reducing poverty and mobilization processes of change.
Friday, January 9, 2009
Wella Hair Color Chart For Koleston
Cemetery Drive.
Era una giornata come tante e vagavo nella nebbia, io. Camminavo sempre dritta nella stessa direction following the white lines of the road without missing a note. Then, at some point on the long road, perfectly paved, barrier-free, with no holes, has made me extremely bored and irrascibile and I found myself watching the scenery around the road more carefully the way forward fantasizing about that aspect could have The long stretches of fields around me, in a bright, clear sunny day, I found myself wanting to run along those wetlands and unknown. In the longer I stayed on my track, but the thought of discovering and getting lost in all that expanse of nothing has had the best on duty and won the fog. I walked in that little muddy, so difficult to cross but so strangely comfortable and irreplaceable ... I went to a few feet and slowly, on my path, the fog thinned out to make room for a warm ray of sun and for allowing me to see a new and different world, full of dangers as fascinating .
I was outside the walls of security, for a few hours, blinded by the light of the sun between the humidity, I was away from the small enclosed space where the sun now could not beat anymore, where he could not wipe the tears of the silent consent, of the habit of being quiet ... I was discounted from that distant place where I was not anything where there was no room for me and for that little flame that burns inside me and that leaves the common life. Ma mi bastano poche ore per capire che va bene così... vedo ancora speranza in fondo alla lunga strada, la vedo addirittura da qui, mentre affondo i piedi nel fango dei campi al lato della strada.
Pansy
Era una giornata come tante e vagavo nella nebbia, io. Camminavo sempre dritta nella stessa direction following the white lines of the road without missing a note. Then, at some point on the long road, perfectly paved, barrier-free, with no holes, has made me extremely bored and irrascibile and I found myself watching the scenery around the road more carefully the way forward fantasizing about that aspect could have The long stretches of fields around me, in a bright, clear sunny day, I found myself wanting to run along those wetlands and unknown. In the longer I stayed on my track, but the thought of discovering and getting lost in all that expanse of nothing has had the best on duty and won the fog. I walked in that little muddy, so difficult to cross but so strangely comfortable and irreplaceable ... I went to a few feet and slowly, on my path, the fog thinned out to make room for a warm ray of sun and for allowing me to see a new and different world, full of dangers as fascinating .
I was outside the walls of security, for a few hours, blinded by the light of the sun between the humidity, I was away from the small enclosed space where the sun now could not beat anymore, where he could not wipe the tears of the silent consent, of the habit of being quiet ... I was discounted from that distant place where I was not anything where there was no room for me and for that little flame that burns inside me and that leaves the common life. Ma mi bastano poche ore per capire che va bene così... vedo ancora speranza in fondo alla lunga strada, la vedo addirittura da qui, mentre affondo i piedi nel fango dei campi al lato della strada.
Pansy
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